Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine
Article Title: Garlic-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles: A Promising Natural Nanotherapy for Periodontitis via PHGDH/PI3K/AKT-Mediated Metabolic and Inflammatory Regulation
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S510417
Figure Lengend Snippet: GaELNs Treat Periodontitis by Activating the PHGDH/PI3K/AKT Pathway.( A ). Volcano plot showing differentially expressed genes between the LPS + GaELNs and LPS groups. ( B ). Venn diagram illustrating the overlap among gene sets “GaELNs vs Control upregulated” “LPS vs Control downregulated” and “LPS + GaELNs vs Control upregulated” with 12 genes common to all three groups. ( C ). KEGG pathway analysis of genes upregulated in the LPS + GaELNs group compared to the Control group. The red boxes highlight signaling pathways associated with inflammation. Down: downregulated. ( D ). KEGG pathway analysis of genes downregulated in the LPS + GaELNs group compared to the Control group. The red boxes highlight signaling pathways associated with inflammation and metabolism. Up: upregulated. ( E ). CCK-8 showing cell viability changes over time with different concentrations of NCT-503 co-cultured with HGF. ( F ). qPCR analysis of PHGDH mRNA levels in HGF under different treatment conditions. ( G ). WB analysis of PHGDH, PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT and GAPDH expression levels in whole cell lysates. ( H – J ). Relative protein expression levels of PHGDH/GAPDH, p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT based on band intensities (n=3). ( K ). Immunofluorescence staining for PHGDH and PI3K in tissue sections of the first molar of the mouse mandible. Gray solid lines were used for fluorescence colocalization analysis of PHGDH and PI3K. Scale bar = 200 μm. ( L and M ). Semi-quantitative analysis of red fluorescence for PHGDH and green fluorescence for PI3K (n=5). ( N ). Colocalization analysis of PHGDH red fluorescence and PI3K green fluorescence along the grayscale line. All data are expressed as mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used for WB or immunofluorescence labeling: HO-1 Rabbit mAb (A21911), Nrf2 Rabbit mAb (A21176), NQO1 Rabbit mAb (A23486), GAPDH Rabbit mAb (A19056), PHGDH Rabbit mAb (A22129), mTOR Rabbit pAb (A2445), NF-kB p65 Rabbit mAb (A19653), TOM20 Rabbit mAb (A19403), TFAM Rabbit mAb (A3173), FITC-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (AS011), Cy3-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse IgG (AS008) were purchased from ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China); anti-VEGFA Antibody (ab1316) and anti-p-NF-kB p65 Antibody (ab32536) were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK); PI3K p85 Mouse mAb (#13666) p-PI3K p85 (#4228), Akt Rabbit mAb (#4691), p-Akt Rabbit mAb (#4060) and p-mTOR Antibody (#2971) were sourced from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
Techniques: Control, Protein-Protein interactions, CCK-8 Assay, Cell Culture, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence